AP Chemistry

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AP Chemistry builds students’ understanding of the nature and reactivity of matter. After studying the structure of atoms, molecules, and ions, students move on to solve quantitative chemical problems and explore how molecular structure relates to chemical and physical properties. Students will examine the molecular composition of common substances and learn to predictably transform them through chemical reactions. The equivalent of an introductory college-level chemistry course, AP Chemistry prepares students for the AP Exam and for further study in science, health sciences, or engineering.

 

The content aligns to the scope and sequence specified by the College Board and to widely used textbooks.

 

Prerequisites: Chemistry and Algebra II

Recommended Grades: For qualified AP students

Length: Two semesters

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Unit 1: Welcome to Chemistry

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Lesson 1: What Is Chemistry?

Discuss: Getting Acquainted

Introduce yourself to your classmates and instructor, learn who your classmates are and why they're taking this course, and become familiar with communicating in an online environment.

Duration: 0hr 30min Scoring: 15 points

Study: States of Matter

Review key concepts about the states of matter and the classification of matter (elements, compounds, and mixtures). Become acquainted with the tools chemists use to separate mixtures.

Duration: 1hr

Discuss: What Would You Call This?

Join a debate on how to classify a substance that challenges the standard definitions of solid, liquid, and gas.

Duration: 0hr 30min Scoring: 15 points

Practice: What Is the AP Chemistry Course?

Learn about the content of the AP Chemistry course, explore important study tips for success in AP courses, and read about policies and procedures for taking the AP Exam.

Duration: 1hr

Practice: Mastering Chemistry Skills

Review exponential notation, SI units, dimensional analysis, graphing, and algebraic operations.

Duration: 1hr

Study: Measurement in Chemistry

Learn about the measurements chemists make in the laboratory and how to express the accuracy and precision of these measurements.

Duration: 1hr

Practice: Check Your Chemistry Skills

Practice problems covering the important mathematical skills needed for success in chemistry.

Duration: 1hr 30min Scoring: 40 points

Lab: Measurement and Uncertainty

Learn about lab reports and practice gathering data.

Duration: 1hr Scoring: 40 points

 

Lesson 2: Structure of Atoms

Study: Atomic Theory and Structure

Learn the key postulates of Dalton's Atomic Theory and the historically significant experiments that verified Dalton's theory.

Duration: 1hr

Discuss: Do You Trust The Data?

Review the original data from experiments used to determine the structure of the atom, then decide whether you "believe" in atoms, based on this data.

Duration: 0hr 30min Scoring: 15 points

Study: Nuclear Structure

Learn the fundamental features of the nucleus: protons, neutrons, isotopes, atomic number, and atomic mass.

Duration: 1hr

Practice: Dalton: Applying Postulates

Practice your skills at calculating relative atomic masses, isotopic abundance, and numbers of protons and neutrons in various atoms.

Duration: 1hr 30min Scoring: 40 points

Study: Molecules and Molecular Substances

Learn what molecules are and see how chemists represent them and name them.

Duration: 1hr

Quiz: Molecular Structures and Models

Answer online questions about names and representations of molecular compounds.

Duration: 0hr 45min Scoring: 10 points

 

Lesson 3: Ions

Study: Ions and Ionic Substances

Learn how to name and write formulas of ionic compounds.

Duration: 1hr

Quiz: Working with Ionic Compounds

Answer online questions that test your mastery of the names and representations of ionic compounds. Includes analysis of laboratory data on the mass percent water in a hydrate.

Duration: 0hr 45min Scoring: 10 points

Practice: Ionic or Molecular?

Use what you've learned about ionic and molecular substances to answer questions about their names and structures.

Duration: 1hr 30min Scoring: 40 points

Practice: Atoms, Ions, and Molecules

Complete a crossword puzzle using the terms from this unit.

Duration: 0hr 30min

 

Lesson 4: Wrap-Up

Review: Welcome to Chemistry

Review concepts and skills learned in the unit to prepare for the Unit Quiz.

Duration: 2hr

Test (TS): Welcome to Chemistry

Take a 50-minute quiz covering material in this unit.

Duration: 1hr Scoring: 110 points

 

Lesson 5: Diagnostic

Diagnostic: Welcome to Chemistry

Test your understanding of the key concepts covered in this unit.

Duration: 0hr 45min Scoring: 30 points

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Unit 2: Periodic Trends and Electronic Structure

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Lesson 1: Reactions in Solution

Study: Ions and Molecules in Solution

Learn about the behavior of ions and molecules in solution. See the connection between the macroscopic behavior of a solution and the microscopic behavior of the atoms or ions that make up the compound.

Duration: 1hr

Discuss: What Do You Think Will Happen?

Read some data about the physical properties of two compounds; then use this data to predict the compounds' behavior as an electrolyte under various conditions. Discuss your predictions with your classmates and respond to their ideas.

Duration: 0hr 30min Scoring: 15 points

Study: Chemical Equations

Learn how to write balanced chemical equations of several types: molecular equations, complete ionic equations, and net ionic equations.

Duration: 1hr

Practice: Balancing a Chemical Equation

Practice balancing chemical equations as you work through a complex example step by step.

Duration: 0hr 45min

Practice: Writing Chemical Equations

Practice writing and balancing molecular equations. Complete ionic equations and net ionic equations.

Duration: 1hr 30min Scoring: 40 points

 

Lesson 2: Survey of Chemical Reactions

Study: Precipitation Reactions

Learn how to use the solubility rules as a vehicle for predicting the products of chemical reactions. Explore an important laboratory application of the solubility rules.

Duration: 1hr

Practice: Predicting Precipitation Reactions

Given a description of a reaction, write the structures of the reactants, determine if there is a precipitate, and provide a net ionic equation if a precipitate forms.

Duration: 1hr 30min

Study: Acid-Base Reactions

Learn the vocabulary used in acid-base reactions, then review equation-writing using neutralization reactions.

Duration: 1hr 30min

Quiz: Can You Find the Acid or Base?

Answer online questions about the type of acid or base (Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, Lewis) in a chemical reaction.

Duration: 0hr 45min Scoring: 10 points

Study: Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

Learn the basic concepts of oxidation reduction ("redox") reactions and explore four kinds redox reactions.

Duration: 1hr 30min

Practice: Oxidation Numbers and Half Reactions

Practice balancing redox reactions using the half-reaction method.

Duration: 0hr 45min

Lab: Metals and Metal Ions

Observe various chemical reactions in an activity series.

Duration: 1hr Scoring: 40 points

Practice: Predicting Reaction Products

Do an integrative exercise to decide if a reaction occurs. If a reaction occurs, give a balanced net ionic equation for the formation of any products. If no reaction occurs, explain why.

Duration: 1hr 30min Scoring: 40 points

Practice: Chemical Reactions

Complete a crossword puzzle using the terms from this unit.

Duration: 0hr 30min

 

Lesson 3: Wrap-Up

Review: Chemical Reactions

Review concepts and skills learned in the unit to prepare for the Unit Quiz.

Duration: 2hr

Test (TS): Chemical Reactions

Take a 50-minute quiz covering material in this unit.

Duration: 1hr Scoring: 110 points

 

Lesson 4: Diagnostic

Diagnostic: Chemical Reactions

Test your understanding of the key concepts covered in this unit.

Duration: 0hr 45min Scoring: 32 points

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Unit 3: Quantitative Relationships in Chemical Reactions

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Lesson 1: Masses and Moles

Study: Weights and Masses

Learn how to use atomic mass units to calculate molecular weight and formula weight.

Duration: 1hr

Quiz: Calculating Weights and Masses

Answer online questions involving calculations of formula weight, molecular weight, and molar mass

Duration: 0hr 45min Scoring: 10 points

Study: The Mole Concept

Learn about the basic unit of chemical calculations: the mole. Extend your understanding by exploring related ideas such as Avogadro's number and molar mass.

Duration: 1hr

Discuss: How Big Is a Mole?

Devise fun "mole" problems (such as "a mole of chocolate cookies would circle the globe X times"), solve the problem, and explain how you solved it. Propose and discuss alternate solutions to someone else's example.

Duration: 0hr 30min Scoring: 15 points

Lab: Analysis of a Hydrate

Duration: 1hr Scoring: 40 points

 

Lesson 2: Calculations with Chemical Equations

Study: Mole Calculations

Learn more about the "Mole Concept" by applying it to advanced problems, such as mass percentage or determination of empirical and molecular formulas. Conduct a simulated synthesis and analysis of a simple compound.

Duration: 1hr

Practice: Grams, Moles, and Formulas

Answer problems using calculations that relate amounts of products and reactants.

Duration: 1hr 30min Scoring: 40 points

Study: Stoichiometry, Part I

Explore the relationship between the mole concept and chemical reactions. Learn strategies for relating the amount of reactant and product in a chemical equation.

Duration: 1hr 30min

Quiz: How Much Will It Take?

Answer a set of stoichiometry problems.

Duration: 1hr Scoring: 10 points

Lab: The Formula of a Compound

Analyze the silver found in an alloy using proper lab techniques.

Duration: 1hr Scoring: 40 points

Study: Stoichiometry, Part II

Explore laboratory applications of stoichiometry by carrying out a simulated oxidation-reduction titration to standardize a solution of potassium permanganate.

Duration: 1hr 30min

Practice: Synthesis and Analysis of an Iron (III) Compound

Explore a laboratory simulation of the synthesis of a transition metal-ligand complex. Analyze data for the determination of metal, ligand, and water of hydration to find the formula of the complex.

Duration: 0hr 45min

Lab: Mass-Mole Relationships

Practice finding coefficients for two chemical reactants which would appear in balanced chemical equations.

Duration: 1hr Scoring: 40 points

Lab: Analysis of Vitamin C

Duration: 1hr Scoring: 40 points

Discuss: Share Your Secrets

Share your tips and tricks for solving stoichiometry problems.

Duration: 0hr 30min Scoring: 15 points

Practice: Chemical Calculations

Complete a crossword puzzle using the terms from this unit.

Duration: 0hr 30min

 

Lesson 3: Wrap-Up

Review: Quantitative Relationships in Chemical Reactions

Review concepts and skills learned in the unit to prepare for the Unit Quiz.

Duration: 2hr

Test (TS): Quantitative Relationships in Chemical Reactions

Take a 50-minute quiz covering material in this unit.

Duration: 1hr Scoring: 110 points

 

Lesson 4: Diagnostic

Diagnostic: Quantitative Relationships in Chemical Reactions

Test your understanding of the key concepts covered in this unit.

Duration: 0hr 45min Scoring: 20 points

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Unit 4: Thermochemistry

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Lesson 1: Overview of Thermochemistry

Study: Energy: Definitions and Units

Learn about four kinds of energy: kinetic, potential, internal, and heat energy.

Duration: 1hr

Practice: Exploring Energy and Its Units

Complete a set of problems involving calculations of energy and conversion between energy units

Duration: 1hr 30min Scoring: 40 points

 

Lesson 2: First Law of Thermodynamics

Study: First Law, Part I

Learn about enthalpy and enthalpy change. Use these concepts to explore heat capacity, specific heat, and heat of reaction.

Duration: 1hr 30min

Quiz: Using the First Law

Answer questions that require you to practice the calculations presented in this lesson.

Duration: 0hr 45min Scoring: 10 points

Study: First Law, Part II

Learn how to apply the concept of enthalpy to more complex chemical systems, including calorimetry, heat of formation, and Hess's Law.

Duration: 1hr 30min

Practice: Thermochemistry

Complete a crossword puzzle using the terms from this unit.

Duration: 0hr 30min

Practice: Thermochemical Calculations

Use the first law of thermodynamics in a laboratory simulation in which you determine the heat of solution of an ionic compound.

Duration: 0hr 45min

Lab: Heat of a Reaction

Use data from various chemical reactions to verify Hess's law.

Duration: 1hr Scoring: 40 points

Discuss: Heat and Temperature: What Is the Difference?

Explain in your own words what "heat" and "temperature" really mean, and respond to your classmates' definitions.

Duration: 0hr 30min Scoring: 15 points

Practice: More Thermochemical Calculations

Complete a set of thermochemistry problems.

Duration: 1hr 30min Scoring: 40 points

 

Lesson 3: Wrap-Up

Review: Thermochemistry

Review concepts and skills learned in the unit to prepare for the Unit Quiz.

Duration: 2hr

Test (TS): Thermochemistry

Take a 50-minute quiz covering material in this unit.

Duration: 1hr Scoring: 110 points

 

Lesson 4: Diagnostic

Diagnostic: Thermochemistry

Test your understanding of the key concepts covered in this unit.

Duration: 0hr 45min Scoring: 22 points

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Unit 5: Atomic Structure and Periodicity

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Lesson 1: The Nature of Matter

Study: Light: Waves and Photons

Learn about important features of light, including frequency, wavelength, and quantization.

Duration: 1hr

Quiz: Energy, Frequency, and Wavelength

Answer online questions involving relationships between energy, frequency, and wavelength.

Duration: 0hr 45min Scoring: 10 points

Discuss: What Is a Color?

Discuss a question about light and color that will stretch your understanding of these two concepts.

Duration: 0hr 30min Scoring: 15 points

Study: Bohr Model of the Hydrogen Atom

Learn why atomic line spectra are evidence for the quantization of electron energy levels and energy level transitions.

Duration: 1hr

Practice: Spectrophotometry

Explore a laboratory simulation of spectrophotometry, and learn about Beer's Law in the context of determining the concentration of chlorophyll in an unknown solution.

Duration: 0hr 45min

 

Lesson 2: Quantum Theory

Study: Introduction to Quantum Mechanics

Learn the basic principles of quantum mechanics, quantum numbers, and atomic orbitals.

Duration: 1hr

Quiz: Quantum Numbers and Atomic Orbitals

Answer questions about allowed combinations of quantum numbers, size, and shape of atomic orbitals, and so on.

Duration: 0hr 45min Scoring: 10 points

Study: Electron Energy Levels

Extend your understanding of quantum mechanics to the electronic structure of atoms. Learn about the electron configuration of atoms and see how the periodicity of the elements can be explained by their electron configurations.

Duration: 1hr 30min

Practice: Atomic Structure and Periodicity

Complete a crossword puzzle using the terms from this unit.

Duration: 0hr 30min

Practice: Electron Configuration

Answer free-response questions about electron configuration.

Duration: 1hr 30min Scoring: 40 points

 

Lesson 3: Structure and Periodicity

Study: Periodic Trends and Electronic Structure

Learn about important periodic trends including atomic radius, ionic radius, ionization energy, and electron affinity.

Duration: 1hr

Practice: Periodic Trends

Explore periodic trends in chemical and physical properties of the elements by completing a series of interactive exercises.

Duration: 0hr 45min

Lab: The Spectrum of Copper(II)

Duration: 1hr Scoring: 40 points

Practice: Periodicity and Structure

Answer several essay questions about key concepts in this lesson and their relationship to concepts introduced in the previous lesson.

Duration: 1hr 30min Scoring: 40 points

 

Lesson 4: Wrap-Up

Review: Atomic Structure and Periodicity

Review concepts and skills learned in the unit to prepare for the Unit Quiz.

Duration: 2hr

Test (TS): Atomic Structure and Periodicity

Take a 50-minute quiz covering material in this unit.

Duration: 1hr Scoring: 110 points

 

Lesson 5: Diagnostic

Diagnostic: Atomic Structure and Periodicity

Test your understanding of the key concepts covered in this unit.

Duration: 0hr 45min Scoring: 40 points

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Unit 6: Chemical Bonding

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Lesson 1: Representations of Chemical Bonds

Study: Lewis Structures

Learn to write electron dot structures for atoms. Use the octet rule to write electron dot structures for molecules, including ones with more than one resonance form.

Duration: 1hr

Quiz: Lewis Structures

Answer questions about Lewis electron dot structures of atoms and molecules.

Duration: 0hr 45min Scoring: 10 points

Practice: Drawing Lewis Structures

Practice drawing Lewis electron dot structures of atoms and molecules (including resonance forms).

Duration: 1hr 30min Scoring: 40 points

 

Lesson 2: Types of Chemical Bonds

Study: Covalent Bonding

Learn about bonding in molecules, and use electronegativity to predict the relative polarity of covalent bonds.

Duration: 1hr

Quiz: Covalent Bonding

Answer questions about covalent bonding.

Duration: 0hr 45min Scoring: 10 points

Study: Ionic Bonding

Learn about bonding in ionic compounds. Explore lattice energy and its calculation using the Born-Haber Cycle.

Duration: 1hr

Practice: Drawing Lewis Structures

Practice drawing more Lewis structures.

Duration: 1hr Scoring: 40 points

Practice: Covalent and Ionic Bonding

Work several problems on key concepts in this unit.

Duration: 1hr 30min Scoring: 40 points

 

Lesson 3: More about Bonding

Study: Properties of Covalent Bonds

Learn about three more features of covalent bonds: bond length, bond order, and bond energy.

Duration: 1hr

Quiz: Properties of Covalent Bonds

Answer questions about bond length, bond order, and bond energy.

Duration: 0hr 45min Scoring: 10 points

Practice: Chemical Bonding

Complete a crossword puzzle using the terms from this unit.

Duration: 0hr 30min

 

Lesson 4: Wrap-Up

Review: Chemical Bonding

Review concepts and skills learned in the unit to prepare for the Unit Quiz.

Duration: 2hr

Test (TS): Chemical Bonding

Take a 50-minute quiz covering material in this unit.

Duration: 1hr Scoring: 110 points

 

Lesson 5: Diagnostic

Diagnostic: Chemical Bonding

Test your understanding of the key concepts covered in this unit.

Duration: 0hr 45min Scoring: 20 points

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Unit 7: Molecular Structure, Shape, and Properties

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Lesson 1: Bonding and Molecular Shape

Study: Valence Bond Theory

Learn how to describe a bond as the overlap of atomic orbitals and why chemists use hybrid orbitals to explain some kinds of bonds.

Duration: 1hr

Quiz: Valence Bond Theory

Answer questions about bonding and hybrid orbitals.

Duration: 0hr 45min Scoring: 10 points

Practice: Molecular Orbital Theory

Supplementary readings with practice problems.

Duration: 2hr 30min

Study: VSEPR and Molecular Shape

Learn how to use the central atom, bonding electron pairs, and lone electron pairs to predict the shape and polarity of molecules.

Duration: 1hr

Practice: Molecular Structure and Shape

Complete a crossword puzzle using the terms from this unit.

Duration: 0hr 30min

Practice: Using VSEPR

Practice drawing 3D structures of molecules and assigning shape names to molecules whose structures are shown.

Duration: 1hr 30min Scoring: 40 points

 

Lesson 2: Isomerism

Study: Types of Isomers

Learn about the two main classes of isomers: structural isomers and stereoisomers.

Duration: 1hr

Discuss: What Kind of Isomer?

Share your strategies for classifying molecules according to isomer type.

Duration: 0hr 30min Scoring: 15 points

Quiz: Types of Isomers

Answer online questions about isomers.

Duration: 0hr 45min Scoring: 10 points

 

Lesson 3: Wrap-Up

Review: Molecular Structure, Shape, and Properties

Review concepts and skills learned in the unit to prepare for the Unit Quiz.

Duration: 2hr

Test (TS): Molecular Structure, Shape, and Properties

Take a 50-minute quiz covering material in this unit.

Duration: 1hr Scoring: 110 points

 

Lesson 4: Diagnostic

Diagnostic: Molecular Structure, Shape, and Properties

Test your understanding of the key concepts covered in this unit.

Duration: 0hr 45min Scoring: 20 points

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Unit 8: The Gaseous State

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Lesson 1: Gases and Gas Laws

Study: The Nature of Gases

Learn about the properties of gases, with emphasis on pressure and the common units of pressure.

Duration: 1hr

Quiz: Gas Pressure

Answer questions about gases and gas pressure.

Duration: 0hr 45min Scoring: 10 points

Study: Empirical Gas Laws

Survey of mathematical laws that describe the relationship of the pressure, temperature, volume, and amount of a gas.

Duration: 1hr

Practice: Boyle, Charles, and Avogadro

Complete a set of problems that use the three empirical gas laws.

Duration: 1hr 30min Scoring: 40 points

Study: The Ideal Gas Law

Derive the ideal gas law from empirical gas laws. Use the ideal gas law in a laboratory simulation of the determination of the molecular weight and molar volume of a gas.

Duration: 1hr

Quiz: Using the Ideal Gas Law

Answer questions on terms in the ideal gas law. Work multiple-choice questions that integrate stoichiometry and the ideal gas law.

Duration: 0hr 45min Scoring: 10 points

Practice: Working with the Gas Laws

Complete a set of problems that involve the empirical gas laws and the ideal gas law.

Duration: 1hr 30min Scoring: 40 points

Lab: Molar Volume of a Gas

Duration: 1hr Scoring: 40 points

 

Lesson 2: More about Gases

Study: Gas Mixtures

Learn about Dalton's Law of Partial Pressure and its application.

Duration: 1hr

Quiz: Dalton: Applying the Law of Partial Pressure

Answer questions about gas mixtures.

Duration: 0hr 45min Scoring: 10 points

Study: Kinetic Molecular Theory

Learn about the basic postulates of kinetic molecular theory and the molecular behavior of ideal and real gases.

Duration: 1hr

Quiz: The Behavior of Gases

Answer questions about the behavior of real and ideal gases.

Duration: 0hr 45min Scoring: 10 points

Lab: Molar Mass of a Volatile Liquid

Use the ideal gas law to measure the molecular mass of volatile liquids.

Duration: 1hr Scoring: 40 points

Discuss: Where Is the Boundary?

Discuss the definitions of real and ideal gases.

Duration: 0hr 30min Scoring: 15 points

 

Lesson 3: Wrap-Up

Review: The Gaseous State

Review concepts and skills learned in the unit to prepare for the Unit Quiz.

Duration: 2hr

Test (TS): The Gaseous State

Take a 50-minute quiz covering material in this unit.

Duration: 1hr Scoring: 110 points

 

Lesson 4: Diagnostic

Diagnostic: The Gaseous State

Test your understanding of the key concepts covered in this unit.

Duration: 0hr 45min Scoring: 31 points

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Unit 9: Liquids, Solids, and Phase Changes

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Lesson 1: Liquids and Solids

Study: Properties of Liquids

Learn about intermolecular forces and the macroscopic phenomena that result from them, such as miscibility, surface tension, and viscosity.

Duration: 1hr

Quiz: Intermolecular Forces

Answer questions that relate the structure and chemical properties of liquids.

Duration: 0hr 45min Scoring: 10 points

Study: Structures of Solids

Learn about the classification of solid structures (crystalline and amorphous), types of crystalline solids, and physical properties of solids.

Duration: 1hr

Practice: Solid Structures

Answer questions about the structure and properties of solids.

Duration: 1hr 30min Scoring: 40 points

Practice: Solids, Liquids, and Gases

Complete a crossword puzzle using the terms from this unit.

Duration: 0hr 30min

 

Lesson 2: Phase Transitions

Study: Changes of State

Learn about vapor pressure, boiling, and melting as molecular processes. Learn to interpret phase diagrams as descriptions of states of matter as a function of P and T.

Duration: 1hr

Practice: Phase Diagrams

Learn to draw and interpret phase diagrams.

Duration: 0hr 45min

Practice: Enthalpy of Phase Changes

Complete a set of problems on integrating phase transitions and the first law of thermodynamics.

Duration: 1hr 30min Scoring: 40 points

 

Lesson 3: Wrap-Up

Review: Liquids, Solids, and Phase Changes

Review concepts and skills learned in the unit to prepare for the Unit Quiz.

Duration: 2hr

Test (TS): Liquids, Solids, and Phase Changes

Take a 50-minute quiz covering material in this unit.

Duration: 1hr Scoring: 110 points

 

Lesson 4: Diagnostic

Diagnostic: Liquids, Solids, and Phase Changes

Test your understanding of the key concepts covered in this unit.

Duration: 0hr 45min Scoring: 26 points

 

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Unit 10: Review and Exam

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Lesson 1: AP Chemistry Semester 1

Review: AP Chemistry Semester 1

Review concepts and skills learned in Units 1-9, to prepare for the Semester Final.

Duration: 4hr

Exam: Semester Exam

Take a two-hour exam covering material in Units 1-9.

Duration: 2hr Scoring: 300 points

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Unit 11: Aqueous Solutions: Properties and Reactions

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Lesson 1: Behavior of Solutions

Study: Formation of Solutions

Discover what happens at the molecular level as ionic and molecular compounds dissolve.

Duration: 1hr 30min

Practice: Solutions and Solution Behavior

Demonstrate your understanding of common concentration units and the behavior of solutions by answering a set of numerical and conceptual questions.

Duration: 1hr 30min Scoring: 40 points

 

Lesson 2: Chemical and Physical Properties of Solutions

Study: Colligative Properties

Learn how solutes affect a solution's vapor pressure, boiling point, freezing point, and osmotic pressure.

Duration: 1hr

Lab: Molar Mass by Freezing Point Depression

Measure molecular mass and determine the freezing point depression constant.

Duration: 1hr Scoring: 40 points

Practice: Solutes and Solvents

Solve problems that integrate key concepts and ideas of this unit.

Duration: 1hr 30min Scoring: 40 points

Practice: Properties of Solutions

Complete a crossword puzzle.

Duration: 0hr 30min

 

Lesson 3: Wrap-Up

Review: Aqueous Solutions: Properties and Reactions

Review concepts and skills learned to prepare for the test.

Duration: 2hr

Test (TS): Aqueous Solutions: Properties and Reactions

Take a 50-minute test.

Duration: 1hr Scoring: 110 points

 

Lesson 4: Diagnostic

Diagnostic: Aqueous Solutions: Properties and Reactions

Test your understanding of the key concepts covered.

Duration: 0hr 45min Scoring: 25 points

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Unit 12: Equilibrium

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Lesson 1: Behavior of Equilibrium Systems

Study: What Is Equilibrium?

Learn about the dynamic reversibility of many chemical reactions. Investigate chromatography, an important laboratory application of equilibrium.

Duration: 1hr

Quiz: Reversible Reactions and Equilibrium Systems

Answer online questions about reversible reactions and the meaning of equilibrium.

Duration: 0hr 45min Scoring: 10 points

Study: Equilibrium Constants

Learn the definitions of Kc, Kp, and Q. Use these definitions in a laboratory simulation of the determination of an equilibrium constant.

Duration: 1hr

Discuss: How Do You Define Equilibrium?

Share your ideas about the meaning of the term "equilibrium."

Duration: 0hr 30min Scoring: 15 points

Lab: Determination of the Equilibrium Constant

Measure the equilibrium constant for a complex ion.

Duration: 1hr Scoring: 40 points

Practice: Working With the Equilibrium Constant

Complete a set of conceptual and quantitative problems about the equilibrium constant.

Duration: 1hr 30min Scoring: 40 points

 

Lesson 2: Quantitative Approaches to Equilibrium

Study: Calculations Involving Kc and Kp

Learn a number of methods for finding concentrations of species in a reaction using Kc or Kp.

Duration: 1hr 30min

Practice: Equilibrium Calculations

Complete a problem set using the quantitative tools presented in this lesson.

Duration: 1hr 30min Scoring: 40 points

Study: LeChatelier: Principle of Equilibrium and Stress

Learn how a change in reaction conditions can affect the direction of a reaction at equilibrium.

Duration: 1hr

Quiz: LeChatelier: Applying the Principle

Use your knowledge of LeChatelier's Principle to answer multiple-choice questions about how an equilibrium system is affected by changes in T, P, V, or concentration of a reactant or product.

Duration: 0hr 45min Scoring: 10 points

 

Lesson 3: Advanced Topics in Equilibrium

Study: Solubility Product Constants

Learn quantitative tools for expressing the solubility of a solute in a solution.

Duration: 1hr

Study: Qualitative Inorganic Analysis

Explore an important laboratory application of Ksp by learning how chemists separate and identify the cations in a mixture.

Duration: 1hr

Study: Common Ion Effect

Learn to solve equilibrium problems involving a common ion.

Duration: 1hr 30min

Practice: The Language of Equilibrium

Complete a crossword puzzle.

Duration: 0hr 30min

Lab: Qualitative Analysis of Cations

Use qualitative analysis to determine which cations are present in a mixture of unknown composition.

Duration: 1hr Scoring: 40 points

Practice: Applications of Equilibrium

Integrated problem-solving exercise using topics and concepts from the entire unit.

Duration: 1hr 30min Scoring: 40 points

 

Lesson 4: Wrap-Up

Review: Equilibrium

Review concepts and skills learned to prepare for the test.

Duration: 3hr

Test (TS): Equilibrium

Take a 50-minute test.

Duration: 1hr Scoring: 110 points

 

Lesson 5: Diagnostic

Diagnostic: Equilibrium

Test your understanding of the key concepts covered.

Duration: 0hr 45min Scoring: 40 points

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Unit 13: Acids, Bases, and Acid-Base Equilibrium

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Lesson 1: The Nature of Acids and Bases

Study: Introduction to Acids and Bases

Learn about pH and pOH, the pH scale, and acid-base indicators.

Duration: 1hr

Quiz: Measuring Acidity and Basicity

Answer online questions about pH, pOH, and acid-base indicators.

Duration: 0hr 45min Scoring: 10 points

Lab: Classifying Acids and Bases

Identify the important characteristics of acids and bases by using hands on experience to explore the reactions of acids, bases and indicators.

Duration: 1hr Scoring: 40 points

 

Lesson 2: Acid-Base Equilibrium

Study: Acid and Base Dissociation

Learn about the ionization of water, the relationship of pH and pOH, and the definitions of Ka and Kb. Discover how Ka and Kb relate to the strength of an acid or base.

Duration: 1hr

Practice: Working with Kw, Ka, and Kb

Complete a set of problems that assess your understanding of the ionization of water and of acid and base dissociation constants.

Duration: 1hr 30min Scoring: 40 points

Lab: Standardization of a Base

Determine the exact concentration of a sodium hydroxide solution, so that you can use the solution in quantitative experiments.

Duration: 1hr Scoring: 40 points

 

Lesson 3: Acid-Base Equilibrium Calculations

Study: Calculations Involving Ka or Kb

Extend your understanding of solution equilibrium to systems involving acids or bases.

Duration: 1hr 30min

Practice: Finding Concentrations Using Ka or Kb

Practice using Ka or Kb to find the concentration of species in solution.

Duration: 1hr 30min Scoring: 40 points

Study: Acid-Base Titrations

Learn an important laboratory method for determining the concentration of an acid or base.

Duration: 1hr

Quiz: Understanding Titration Curves

Answer online questions about titration curves and acid-base indicators.

Duration: 0hr 45min Scoring: 10 points

Lab: Dissociation of Weak Acids

Measure the acid dissociation constant of a weak acid.

Duration: 1hr Scoring: 40 points

 

Lesson 4: Advanced Topics in Acid-Base Equilibrium

Study: Polyprotic Acids

Learn how to solve acid-base equilibrium problems using molecules with more than one ionizable proton.

Duration: 1hr 30min

Discuss: What Makes This Hard?

Share your ideas and tricks about how to work with acids having more than one Ka.

Duration: 1hr Scoring: 15 points

Study: Buffers

Learn all about buffers: what they are, how they work, how to make them in the laboratory, and how to calculate pH of buffer solutions.

Duration: 1hr

Lab: Analysis of an Unknown Acid

Use good titration techniques to gather information about an unknown acid.

Duration: 1hr Scoring: 40 points

Practice: Solving Buffer Problems

Solve problems involving buffer calculations.

Duration: 1hr 30min Scoring: 40 points

 

Lesson 5: Wrap-Up

Review: Acids, Bases, and Acid-Base Equilibrium

Review concepts and skills learned to prepare for the test.

Duration: 3hr

Test (TS): Acids, Bases, and Acid-Base Equilibrium

Take a 50-minute test.

Duration: 1hr Scoring: 110 points

 

Lesson 6: Diagnostic

Diagnostic: Acids, Bases, and Acid-Base Equilibrium

Test your understanding of the key concepts covered.

Duration: 0hr 45min Scoring: 40 points

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Unit 14: Chemical Kinetics

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Lesson 1: Rate and Rate Laws

Study: Basic Principles of Kinetics

Learn about reaction rate, rate laws, and factors that affect the reaction rate.

Duration: 1hr

Quiz: Rates and Rate Laws

Answer online questions about rates and rate laws.

Duration: 0hr 45min Scoring: 10 points

Study: Understanding Rate Laws

Learn how concentration affects reaction rate, and learn how to determine the rate of a reaction using two different methods.

Duration: 1hr 30min

Study: Graphing Kinetic Data

View a laboratory simulation of the kinetics of an organic reaction. Analyze the data to determine the rate constant and the order of the reaction with respect to each reactant.

Duration: 1hr

Practice: Working with Rates and Rate Laws

Solve problems involving kinetics calculations.

Duration: 1hr 30min Scoring: 40 points

 

Lesson 2: Energy and Rate Relationships

Study: Temperature and Rate

Learn the underlying molecular basis for the effect of temperature on reaction rate.

Duration: 1hr

Quiz: Temperature and Rate

Answer online questions about rate and temperature.

Duration: 0hr 45min Scoring: 10 points

Lab: Study of the Kinetics of a Reaction

Use microscale techniques to determine the kinetics of a reaction.

Duration: 1hr Scoring: 40 points

 

Lesson 3: Rate Laws and Chemical Reactions

Study: Reaction Mechanisms

Learn about reaction mechanisms, deducing the rate law from the mechanism, and the effect of catalysts on the rate and the mechanism.

Duration: 1hr

Study: Rate Laws and Mechanisms

Explore the relationship between reaction mechanisms and rate laws in more depth as you work through more challenging examples.

Duration: 1hr 30min

Practice: Mechanism and Rate

Answer numerical and conceptual questions about rates, rate laws, and mechanisms.

Duration: 1hr 30min Scoring: 40 points

Practice: Kinetics Terms

Complete a crossword puzzle.

Duration: 0hr 30min

 

Lesson 4: Wrap-Up

Review: Chemical Kinetics

Review concepts and skills learned to prepare for the test.

Duration: 2hr 30min

Test (TS): Chemical Kinetics

Take a 50-minute test.

Duration: 1hr Scoring: 110 points

 

Lesson 5: Diagnostic

Diagnostic: Chemical Kinetics

Test your understanding of the key concepts covered.

Duration: 0hr 45min Scoring: 30 points

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Unit 15: Thermodynamics

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Lesson 1: The Second Law of Thermodynamics

Study: Energy and Spontaneity

Learn about the effect of entropy on reaction spontaneity.

Duration: 1hr

Quiz: The Limitations of Enthalpy

Answer online questions about energy and spontaneity.

Duration: 0hr 45min Scoring: 10 points

Study: Entropy and Entropy Change

Learn about entropy and entropy change in chemical reactions and phase transitions.

Duration: 1hr

Practice: Working with Entropy

Numerical and conceptual questions about entropy and spontaneity.

Duration: 1hr 30min Scoring: 40 points

 

Lesson 2: Equilibrium and Thermodynamics

Study: Free Energy and Equilibrium

Learn a mathematical approach to spontaneity that incorporates enthalpy and entropy. Learn about the relationship between Delta G and Kc or Kp.

Duration: 1hr

Practice: The Language of Thermodynamics

Complete a crossword puzzle.

Duration: 0hr 30min

Practice: Integrating Delta G and Keq

Numerical and conceptual questions about free energy and equilibrium.

Duration: 1hr 30min Scoring: 40 points

 

Lesson 3: Wrap-Up

Review: Thermodynamics

Review concepts and skills learned to prepare for the test.

Duration: 2hr

Test (TS): Thermodynamics

Take a 50-minute test.

Duration: 1hr Scoring: 110 points

 

Lesson 4: Diagnostic

Diagnostic: Thermodynamics

Test your understanding of the key concepts covered.

Duration: 0hr 45min Scoring: 25 points

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Unit 16: Electrochemistry

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Lesson 1: Voltaic Cells

Study: The Activity Series of Metals

Apply your knowledge of redox reactions to a laboratory simulation in which you determine the relative oxidation strength of a group of metals.

Duration: 1hr

Study: Voltaic Cells

Learn about electrochemical cells, a method for describing these cells, and how to write redox reactions using standard cell notation.

Duration: 1hr

Discuss: Tips and Tricks

Share your ideas about how to write and interpret electrochemical cells.

Duration: 0hr 30min Scoring: 15 points

Practice: Electrochemical Cell Reactions

Practice your skills at writing standard cell notations.

Duration: 1hr 30min Scoring: 40 points

 

Lesson 2: Equilibrium and Electrochemical Reactions

Study: Calculations Involving Voltaic Cells

Learn how the potential of electrochemical cells varies with the concentration of reactants.

Duration: 1hr 30min

Study: The Nernst Equation

Explore the experimental applications of the Nernst equation by using simulated voltaic cells to conduct measurements of electrochemical potential under various concentration conditions.

Duration: 1hr 15min

Lab: Electrochemical Cells

Learn more about electrochemical cells.

Duration: 1hr Scoring: 40 points

Practice: Working with Electrochemical Cells

Solve problems involving concepts and skills from the lessons in this unit.

Duration: 1hr 30min Scoring: 40 points

 

Lesson 3: Wrap-Up

Review: Electrochemistry

Review concepts and skills learned to prepare for the test.

Duration: 2hr 30min

Test (TS): Electrochemistry

Take a 50-minute test.

Duration: 1hr Scoring: 110 points

 

Lesson 4: Diagnostic

Diagnostic: Electrochemistry

Test your understanding of the key concepts covered.

Duration: 0hr 45min Scoring: 36 points

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Unit 17: Nuclear and Organic Chemistry

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Lesson 1: The Nature of Radioactivity

Study: Radioactivity

Learn about radioactive isotopes and the types of radioactive decay.

Duration: 1hr

Study: Nuclear Equations

Learn to write balanced equations for radioactive decay processes.

Duration: 1hr 30min

Quiz: Balancing Nuclear Equations

Answer online questions about nuclear equations.

Duration: 0hr 45min Scoring: 10 points

 

Lesson 2: Kinetics and Energetics of Nuclear Reactions

Study: Rate of Radioactive Decay

Review important concepts and kinetics and see how they are applied to nuclear reactions.

Duration: 1hr

Practice: Nuclear Chemistry

Solve problems that integrate key concepts and ideas of this unit.

Duration: 1hr 30min Scoring: 40 points

 

Lesson 3: Organic Chemistry

Study: Hydrocarbons and Functional Groups

Learn about alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, cyclic hydrocarbons, and other important functional groups.

Duration: 1hr

Discuss: Hydrocarbons and You

Share your ideas about the possibility of life forms based on elements other than carbon.

Duration: 0hr 30min Scoring: 15 points

Study: Isomers and Nomenclature

Learn about structural and stereoisomerisms, and the IUPAC system of nomenclature.

Duration: 1hr 30min

Lab: Synthesis and Analysis of Aspirin

Prepare and identify esters, then calculate their theoretical yield.

Duration: 1hr Scoring: 40 points

Practice: Organic Chemistry Problems

Solve problems that integrate key concepts and ideas of this lesson.

Duration: 1hr Scoring: 40 points

 

Lesson 4: Wrap-Up

Review: Nuclear and Organic Chemistry

Review concepts and skills learned to prepare for the test.

Duration: 2hr

Test (TS): Nuclear and Organic Chemistry

Take a 50-minute test.

Duration: 1hr Scoring: 110 points

 

Lesson 5: Diagnostic

Diagnostic: Nuclear and Organic Chemistry

Test your understanding of the key concepts covered.

Duration: 0hr 45min Scoring: 36 points

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Unit 18: AP Chemistry Course Review

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Lesson 1: Final Course Review

Review: AP Chemistry Semester 2

Review concepts and skills learned throughout the course to prepare for the AP Exam.

Duration: 10hr

Quiz: AP Practice I

Practice AP-style multiple-choice questions based on material from the first semester.

Duration: 1hr Scoring: 30 points

Practice: The Language of Chemistry

Complete a crossword puzzle using the terms from the entire course.

Duration: 1hr

Quiz: AP Practice II

Practice AP-style multiple-choice questions based on material from the second semester.

Duration: 1hr Scoring: 30 points

Practice: AP Practice III

Practice AP-style free-response questions.

Duration: 2hr 30min Scoring: 40 points

Practice: AP Exam Practice

Take a self-proctored, full-length AP-style practice exam

Duration: 3hr

Final Exam: AP Chemistry Semester 2

Take a three-hour test covering material in the entire course.

Duration: 3hr Scoring: 300 points

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